Series MI-03 · 542 instruments catalogued
Physics
Motion, energy, waves and fields with every unit handled.
In Service
542 built and verified100 Amp Wire Size Calculator
Enter circuit current, one-way run length, system voltage, and allowed drop to size copper wire in circular mils, using the electrician's K-factor formula.
In service MI-03-00312 Volt Wire Size Calculator
Enter current, one-way run length, and an allowed drop percent to get the minimum copper wire size in circular mils for a 12 V circuit.
In service MI-03-004220 Volt Wire Size Calculator
Find the minimum copper wire gauge for a 220V circuit from current, run length, and allowed voltage drop in percent or volts.
In service MI-03-00524V Wire Size Calculator
Circuit current, one-way run length, and allowed voltage drop in; the minimum copper wire size in circular mils out, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-0063-Phase Motor Amperage Calculator
Enter a motor's rated power, line voltage, power factor, and efficiency to calculate the full-load current it draws at rated load.
In service MI-03-007555 Timer Calculator
Enter R1, R2, and the timing capacitor for a 555 astable circuit to get oscillation frequency, duty cycle, and the high and low pulse times.
In service MI-03-008Absolute Humidity Calculator
Enter air temperature and relative humidity to get absolute humidity in grams of water vapor per cubic metre, via Bolton's 1980 formula.
In service MI-03-009AC Wattage Calculator
Multiply voltage by current by power factor to get real AC power in watts — the figure a utility meter actually bills, not the raw volt-amp product.
In service MI-03-010Acceleration Calculator
Enter two speeds and the time between them; get average acceleration in m/s², ft/s², or as a fraction of standard gravity, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-011Acceleration due to Gravity Calculator
Enter a body's mass and your distance from its centre; read local surface gravity in m/s², ft/s² or multiples of standard g.
In service MI-03-012Acceleration in the Electric Field Calculator
Enter a particle's charge, mass, and the field it sits in; find its acceleration in m/s², derived from F = qE and Newton's second law.
In service MI-03-013Acceleration using force and mass calculator
Newton's second law solved for acceleration: net force divided by mass, with unit conversion, the working shown, and a guard on zero mass.
In service MI-03-014Acoustic Impedance Calculator
Multiply a medium's density by its speed of sound and read acoustic impedance in rayl. Water lands at 1.5 MRayl, air at only 420.
In service MI-03-015Air Density Calculator
Barometer reading and thermometer reading in, kilograms per cubic metre out. Sea level at 15 °C lands on the standard 1.225 kg/m³.
In service MI-03-016Air Pressure at Altitude Calculator
Altitude and sea-level pressure in, pressure aloft out in pascals or kPa, using the same power-law barometric formula pilots and meteorologists trust.
In service MI-03-017Alfvén Velocity Calculator
Enter magnetic field strength and plasma mass density to find Alfvén velocity, the speed magnetic disturbances travel through a plasma.
In service MI-03-018Alien Civilization Calculator
Estimate the average gap between communicating civilizations in the galaxy from their number and the disk's radius and thickness.
In service MI-03-019Amp to Wire Size Calculator
Enter current, one-way run length, system voltage, and an allowed drop percent to size copper wire in circular mils for any circuit.
In service MI-03-020Angle of Banking Calculator
Enter cornering speed and turn radius to get the tilt that holds a vehicle on line with zero sideways friction. Working shown.
In service MI-03-021Angle of Incidence Calculator
Enter the angle a ray strikes a mirror, measured from the normal; get the reflected angle instantly, since θ_r = θ_i, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-022Angle of Refraction Calculator
Enter the angle of incidence and both refractive indices to find the angle of refraction from Snell's law, with the working shown step by step.
In service MI-03-023Angle of Repose Calculator
Enter your static friction coefficient, read back how steep loose material can pile before it slides: 45° at μ = 1, near 31° for dry sand.
In service MI-03-024Angle of Twist Calculator
Find how far a circular shaft twists under load with θ = TL ⁄ (GJ) — enter torque, length, shear modulus and polar moment to get the angle.
In service MI-03-025Angular Acceleration Calculator
Change in angular velocity over elapsed seconds. Accepts rad/s, deg/s or rpm, converts to radians before dividing, and shows the working.
In service MI-03-026Angular Displacement Calculator
Angular velocity times elapsed time gives total angle swept, θ = ω·t. Enter rad/s, deg/s or rpm; read back radians, degrees or whole turns.
In service MI-03-027Angular Frequency Calculator
Convert cycles per second into radians per second: enter frequency in Hz, kHz, MHz, or rpm and read ω = 2πf in rad/s, deg/s, or rpm.
In service MI-03-028Angular Momentum Calculator
Enter a moment of inertia and a spin rate in rad/s, deg/s, or rpm; L = Iω returns kilogram metres squared per second.
In service MI-03-029Angular Resolution Calculator
Wavelength and aperture diameter in, smallest separable angle out — radians and arcseconds, from Rayleigh's 1.22 λ/D criterion.
In service MI-03-030Angular Velocity Calculator
Angle swept divided by time taken, ω = θ ⁄ t. Enter radians, degrees, or turns and read the spin rate in rad/s, deg/s, or rpm.
In service MI-03-031Aperture Area Calculator
Enter an aperture's diameter to get the circular opening's exact area, the formula behind camera f-stops and telescope light grasp.
In service MI-03-032API Gravity Calculator
Turn specific gravity at 60 °F into degrees API, petroleum's backwards density scale, with every step of arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-033Archimedes' Principle Calculator
Fluid density and submerged volume in; mass of fluid displaced in kilograms and upthrust in newtons out, with the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-034Arrow Speed Calculator
Enter the kinetic energy a bow delivers and the arrow's mass to solve v = √(2·KE⁄m) for launch speed, in m/s or ft/s.
In service MI-03-035Attenuation Calculator
Input power in, output power in, loss out in decibels. Halving power reads 3.01 dB — the half-power point behind every filter bandwidth spec.
In service MI-03-036Ballistic Coefficient Calculator
Enter a projectile's mass, diameter, and drag coefficient to get its ballistic coefficient in kg/m² — how well it resists slowing down in air.
In service MI-03-037Barn-Pole Paradox
Enter a pole's rest length, its speed, and a barn's rest length to see the pole's contracted length in the barn's frame and whether it fits.
In service MI-03-038Beat Frequency Calculator
Enter two nearby frequencies and read how many loudness pulses per second they produce together — the count piano tuners work by.
In service MI-03-039Belt Length Calculator
Pitch length of an open belt over two pulleys, from both diameters and centre distance, with the approximation's shortfall quoted.
In service MI-03-040Bend Allowance Calculator
Enter bend angle, inside radius, material thickness and K-factor; get the bend allowance a sheet-metal flat pattern is built from.
In service MI-03-041Bernoulli Equation Calculator
Pressure, speed and height at two points on a streamline — enter five, read pressure at point 2, with every term of that working shown.
In service MI-03-042Binoculars Range Calculator
Enter a target's known height and its span in reticle mils to estimate the range in meters, yards, or kilometers with the mil-relation formula.
In service MI-03-043Biot Number Calculator
Enter the convective coefficient, characteristic length, and thermal conductivity to get the Biot number and check the lumped-capacitance assumption.
In service MI-03-044Black Hole Collision Calculator
Enter two black hole masses and a radiation efficiency to find the merged mass and how much mass-energy leaves as gravitational waves.
In service MI-03-045Black Hole Temperature Calculator
Enter a black hole's mass in solar masses and get its Hawking temperature in kelvin, from T = ħc³ ⁄ (8πGMk_B).
In service MI-03-046Blackbody Radiation Calculator
Stefan–Boltzmann law in one sheet: area, absolute temperature and emissivity in, radiated power in watts out, with the substitution shown.
In service MI-03-047Blast Radius Calculator
Enter an explosive charge's TNT-equivalent mass and a damage-threshold scaling constant to get an estimated blast radius using cube-root scaling.
In service MI-03-048BMEP Calculator (Brake Mean Effective Pressure Calculator)
Enter brake power, displacement, revolutions per power stroke, and engine speed to get brake mean effective pressure in kPa, bar, or psi.
In service MI-03-049Bohr Model Calculator
Enter hydrogen's principal quantum number n and get the electron's orbital energy in eV from E_n = −13.6/n², with the substitution shown.
In service MI-03-050Boltzmann Factor Calculator
Enter a state's energy above the ground level and the temperature; get its Boltzmann factor e^(−E⁄kT), the exponential weight thermal physics assigns it.
In service MI-03-051Boost Converter Calculator
Enter input voltage and switch duty cycle to get a boost converter's output voltage — the step-up DC-DC formula, solved and shown instantly.
In service MI-03-052Boyle's Law Calculator
Squeeze a sealed gas at steady temperature and read its new pressure. P₁V₁ = P₂V₂, absolute units, arithmetic shown in full.
In service MI-03-053Bragg's Law Calculator
Give a wavelength, a lattice spacing and an order; read back the tilt at which scattered X-rays reinforce each other, with working shown.
In service MI-03-054Breaker Size Calculator
Size a breaker for a continuous electrical load with the NEC's 125% multiplier, then read the minimum standard breaker rating it requires.
In service MI-03-055Brewster's Angle Calculator
Enter two refractive indices, get the incidence angle where reflected light turns fully polarised — 56.3° for air onto glass, working shown.
In service MI-03-056Bridge Rectifier Calculator
Enter the peak AC voltage and diode forward drop to get the average DC output of a full-wave bridge rectifier, per Vdc = 2Vpeak/π − 2Vdrop.
In service MI-03-057Brinell Hardness Number Calculator
Enter the test load, ball diameter, and indentation diameter left in a metal surface to get the Brinell hardness number, with the formula and derivation shown.
In service MI-03-058Broad Crested Weir Calculator
Enter discharge coefficient, weir width and head above the crest to get volumetric flow rate — the critical-depth formula worked and explained.
In service MI-03-059BTU to Tons Converter
Enter a cooling load in BTU/hr and read it as tons of refrigeration, the unit HVAC equipment is actually sold and stocked by.
In service MI-03-060Buck Converter Calculator
Enter input voltage and switching duty cycle to get the buck converter's steady-state DC output, per Vout = D·Vin.
In service MI-03-061Buckling Calculator
Enter a column's modulus, moment of inertia, effective length factor and length to get Euler's critical buckling load, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-062Bug-Rivet Paradox
Find how deep a hole looks from a fast rivet's own rest frame, using the Lorentz length-contraction formula behind Rindler's 1961 paradox.
In service MI-03-063Bulk Modulus Calculator
Pressure rise, starting volume and volume lost in — bulk modulus K out in Pa, MPa, bar or psi, with the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-064Bullet Energy Calculator
Enter bullet mass and muzzle velocity to get kinetic energy in joules or foot-pounds, worked from the ½mv² formula step by step.
In service MI-03-065Buoyancy Calculator
Fluid density and displaced volume in, buoyant force out in newtons. Archimedes' rule, the pressure reasoning behind it, and a worked litre.
In service MI-03-066Buoyancy Experiment Calculator
Weigh an object in air, then fully submerged, and read off buoyant force, volume, density, and specific gravity — no ruler involved.
In service MI-03-067Buoyant Force Calculator
Enter fluid density and submerged volume to get buoyant force in newtons — the same push that sizes life-jacket ratings and float-switch triggers.
In service MI-03-068Calorimetry Calculator
Enter mass, a fluid's specific heat capacity and its temperature swing to find heat transferred in joules — the arithmetic behind every calorimeter reading.
In service MI-03-069Capacitance Calculator
Enter charge stored and voltage across the plates; read capacitance in farads, millifarads, microfarads, nanofarads or picofarads.
In service MI-03-070Capacitive Reactance Calculator
Enter capacitance and frequency; read how strongly your capacitor opposes alternating current, in ohm, kohm or Mohm.
In service MI-03-071Capacitive Transformerless Power Supply Calculator
Enter mains voltage, frequency, and target output current to size the dropper capacitor for a transformerless AC-DC supply.
In service MI-03-072Capacitor Calculator
Enter a capacitor's capacitance and the voltage across it to find the charge stored on its plates, from picocoulombs to coulombs.
In service MI-03-073Capacitor Charge Time Calculator
Enter resistance, capacitance and a target charge fraction; get the time an RC circuit takes to reach it, from the exponential charging law.
In service MI-03-074Capacitor Energy Calculator
Enter capacitance and the voltage across it; read energy stored in the electric field, in joules, kilojoules or watt-hours.
In service MI-03-075Capacitor Size Calculator
Enter real power, current and target power factor, voltage, and frequency to size a PF-correction capacitor bank in kVAR and µF.
In service MI-03-076Capacitors in Series Calculator
Combine two capacitors by reciprocal addition. Enter both values in any unit and read a total that always lands below your smaller part.
In service MI-03-077Car Center of Mass Calculator
Enter what each axle carries on a scale plus the wheelbase; get the car's center of gravity distance from the front axle, with the balance shown.
In service MI-03-078Car Crash Calculator
Enter vehicle mass, impact speed and crumple distance; read the average collision force in newtons and the deceleration in g.
In service MI-03-079Car Jump Distance Calculator
Enter launch speed, ramp angle, and ramp height to get a car's time in the air and horizontal jump distance, with the physics shown.
In service MI-03-080Carburetor CFM Calculator
Enter engine displacement, redline RPM, and volumetric efficiency to size the carburetor CFM a naturally aspirated engine actually needs.
In service MI-03-081Carnot Efficiency Calculator
Enter hot and cold reservoir temperatures in kelvin, read the highest efficiency any heat engine can reach between them.
In service MI-03-082Centrifugal Force Calculator
Enter mass, angular velocity, and radius to find the outward centrifugal force in newtons, with the m·ω²·r arithmetic shown step by step.
In service MI-03-083Centrifuge Calculator
Enter rotor radius and RPM to get relative centrifugal force in ×g — the figure centrifugation protocols specify, not raw spin speed.
In service MI-03-084Centripetal Force Calculator
Mass, speed, and turn radius in — inward newtons out. F = mv² ⁄ r, with worked arithmetic and why speed costs far more than radius.
In service MI-03-085Charles' Law Calculator
Isobaric gas expansion — enter a starting volume plus two absolute temperatures in kelvin, read out final volume from V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂.
In service MI-03-086Circular Motion Calculator
Spin rate and radius in; tangential speed v = ω·r and centripetal acceleration ω²·r out, in rpm, m/s, mph, or multiples of g.
In service MI-03-087Cloud Base Calculator
Enter surface temperature and dew point to estimate a fair-weather cumulus base in feet AGL, using the lapse-rate rule pilots fly by.
In service MI-03-088Coefficient of Discharge Calculator
Enter measured and theoretical flow rates to find Cd — the ratio showing how much less an orifice, nozzle, or valve delivers than ideal Bernoulli flow predicts.
In service MI-03-089Coefficient of Performance Calculator
Enter cooling or heating output and electrical work input to find the coefficient of performance — how many units of heat move per unit of work spent.
In service MI-03-090Combined Gas Law Calculator
Enter a gas's starting pressure, volume and temperature plus its final volume and temperature; read the final pressure, worked in full.
In service MI-03-091Compressibility Factor Calculator
Enter pressure, volume, moles and temperature to get the compressibility factor Z — how far a real gas departs from ideal-gas behavior.
In service MI-03-092Compton Scattering Calculator
Enter a photon scattering angle and read its wavelength shift, Δλ = λ_C(1 − cos θ), with the electron Compton wavelength fixed at 2.4263 pm.
In service MI-03-093Compton Wavelength Calculator
Enter a particle's rest mass and read λ_C = h/(mc), the wavelength of a photon whose energy equals that particle's rest energy.
In service MI-03-094Conductivity to Resistivity Calculator
Enter a material's electrical conductivity in siemens per metre and get resistivity in ohm-metres, the exact reciprocal, worked to ten figures.
In service MI-03-095Conservation of Momentum Calculator
Two masses, three velocities in, the missing fourth out. Head-on collisions solved by momentum balance, with the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-096Contact Lens Vertex Calculator
Convert a spectacle prescription into its equivalent contact lens power by correcting for the 12 mm vertex distance.
In service MI-03-097Copper Wire Weight Calculator
Enter wire length and bare conductor diameter to get copper wire weight in kilograms, built on copper's NIST density of 8.96 g/cm³.
In service MI-03-098Coriolis Effect Calculator
Enter a speed and a latitude to find the Coriolis acceleration from Earth's rotation, in m/s² or ft/s², with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-099Coulomb's Law Calculator
Enter two charges and how far apart they sit; read the electrostatic force between them in newtons, with the inverse-square working shown.
In service MI-03-100Crawl Ratio Calculator
Multiply transfer case low-range ratio, first-gear ratio, and axle ratio to get crawl ratio — the number rock crawlers use to judge low-speed control.
In service MI-03-101Critical Damping Calculator
The damping coefficient that brings a spring-mass system to rest with no overshoot at all: c_c = 2√(k·m), with natural frequency alongside.
In service MI-03-102Crossover Calculator
Enter a resistance and a capacitance to find the -3 dB corner frequency of a simple RC speaker crossover filter, in Hz or kHz.
In service MI-03-103Cube Density Calculator
Enter a cube's mass and edge length to get density in kg/m³ or g/cm³, with the ρ = m ⁄ s³ formula worked in full.
In service MI-03-104Curie Constant Calculator
Enter carrier density and magnetic moment per particle to find the Curie constant C, the coefficient in Curie's law χ = C ⁄ T.
In service MI-03-105Curie's Law Calculator
Enter a material's Curie constant and its temperature in kelvin to get magnetic susceptibility from Curie's 1895 law, χ = C ⁄ T.
In service MI-03-106Current Divider Calculator
Feed a known total current into two parallel resistors and read what each branch takes — amps and ohms in, both branch currents out.
In service MI-03-107Cutoff Frequency Calculator
Resistance and capacitance in, corner frequency out: where an RC filter falls 3 dB and resistor ohms equal capacitor ohms.
In service MI-03-108Cv Calculator — Valve Flow Coefficient
Enter flow rate, specific gravity and pressure drop; get the valve's Cv rating, the standard figure engineers use to size and select control valves.
In service MI-03-109Cv Flow Calculator
Enter a valve's rated Cv, the pressure drop across it, and the fluid's specific gravity to see the flow rate it actually delivers in service, in US gpm.
In service MI-03-110Cyclotron Frequency Calculator
Charge, field and mass in; laps per second out — how fast charged particles circle in magnetic fields, from hertz through gigahertz.
In service MI-03-111Damping Ratio Calculator
Damping coefficient, mass and spring constant in; dimensionless ratio ζ = c ⁄ 2√(k·m) out, alongside that critical coefficient it gets measured against.
In service MI-03-112Darcy Weisbach Calculator
Enter friction factor, pipe length, diameter, and flow velocity to get head loss in metres — the equation every pump and pipe sizing job runs through.
In service MI-03-113Darcy's Law Calculator
Find groundwater or seepage flow rate from Darcy's law: enter hydraulic conductivity, cross-sectional area, head difference, and flow path length.
In service MI-03-114Daylight Calculator
Enter latitude and day of year to get solar declination and day length in hours, worked from the sunrise equation with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-115dB Calculator
Enter a reference power and a measured power to get the level in decibels, dB = 10·log₁₀(P₂⁄P₁), computed and unit-checked automatically.
In service MI-03-116dB Gain Calculator
Enter input and output signal amplitude to get voltage or current gain in decibels, computed as 20·log10(Vout ⁄ Vin), with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-117DC Wire Size Calculator
Feed in DC current, the wire's round-trip loop length, system voltage and an allowed drop percent to size copper conductor in circular mils.
In service MI-03-118De Broglie Wavelength Calculator
Enter a particle's mass and speed to get its matter wavelength, λ = h/mv, with Planck's constant fixed and the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-119Debye Length Calculator
Enter carrier density and temperature to get Debye length in nanometres, the distance over which mobile charges screen an electric field.
In service MI-03-120Delta to Wye Conversion
Convert a three-resistor delta (Δ) network into its equivalent wye (Y) network — enter R_ab, R_bc, R_ca and read the Y-branch resistance.
In service MI-03-121Delta V Calculator
Exhaust velocity plus wet and dry mass give a stage's whole velocity budget in m/s, with the mass ratio and its logarithm shown.
In service MI-03-122Density Altitude Calculator
Enter pressure altitude and outside air temperature to get density altitude in feet — the figure that governs aircraft performance, not field elevation.
In service MI-03-123Density Calculator
Mass in, volume in, density out in kg/m³. Water sits near 1000 kg/m³ — see where your material lands, with the formula and a worked example shown.
In service MI-03-124Density Mass Volume Calculator
Enter mass and volume to find density in kg/m³ or g/cm³, worked through ρ = m ⁄ V and checked against water's 1,000 kg/m³ reference point.
In service MI-03-125Density of a Cylinder Calculator
Enter a cylinder's mass, radius, and height to get its density in kg/m³ or g/cm³, worked through ρ = m ⁄ (πr²h) with the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-126Density To Mass Calculator
Enter a material's density and how much of it you have; multiply to get total mass in grams or kilograms, with the formula and working shown.
In service MI-03-127Density to Weight Calculator
Enter a material's density and volume to get its weight in newtons — the gravitational force it exerts, not its mass, using W = ρ × V × g.
In service MI-03-128Dew Point Calculator
Enter air temperature and relative humidity to read the dew point in °C, °F, or K — the exact temperature where condensation begins.
In service MI-03-129Differential Pressure Calculator
Enter two pressure readings and get the gap between them, in Pa, kPa, atm, or psi — the exact figure a transmitter reports across a filter or orifice plate.
In service MI-03-130Diffraction Grating Calculator
Enter grating line spacing, wavelength, and diffraction order to find the exact angle predicted by d sin θ = mλ.
In service MI-03-131Diopter Calculator
Focal length in, optical power in dioptres out. Enter millimetres, centimetres, or metres and the reciprocal is taken in metres for you.
In service MI-03-132Dipole Calculator
Enter each pole's charge, their separation, and the axial distance to get the dipole moment and the on-axis electric field, with the working shown.
In service MI-03-133Dipole Moment Calculator
Enter the magnitude of two equal, opposite charges and the distance between them to get electric dipole moment in coulomb-metres, formula shown.
In service MI-03-134Displacement Calculator
Net position change under constant acceleration: enter initial velocity, acceleration, and elapsed time, and read the displacement in metres or feet.
In service MI-03-135Distance Attenuation Calculator
Move a microphone from one distance to another and read the level change in decibels. Doubling distance from a point source costs 6.02 dB.
In service MI-03-136Distance to Horizon Calculator
Eye height in, horizon distance out. Tangent-line geometry on a 6,371 km sphere, worked in metres, kilometres, miles or nautical miles.
In service MI-03-137Doppler Effect Calculator
Work out what frequency your listener actually hears when the source moves, the listener moves, or both, through a medium of known wave speed.
In service MI-03-138Drag Equation Calculator
Enter fluid density, velocity, drag coefficient, and frontal area to get aerodynamic drag force in newtons, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-139Drake Equation Calculator
Multiply seven Drake equation factors — star formation rate through broadcast lifetime — to estimate communicating civilizations, N, in the galaxy.
In service MI-03-140Drift Velocity Calculator
Current, carrier density and conductor cross-section in; the true crawl speed of conduction electrons out, in m/s or km/h.
In service MI-03-141E = mc² Calculator
Enter a rest mass, read the rest energy held inside it. E = mc² with c exact by definition since 1983, substitution shown.
In service MI-03-142Earth Curvature Calculator
Enter distance along Earth's surface, read how far ground falls below a level tangent line. Exact secant geometry, refraction noted.
In service MI-03-143Earth Orbit Calculator
Enter a central body's mass and an orbital radius; get the orbital period from Kepler's third law, worked with the formula shown alongside the answer.
In service MI-03-144Effectiveness-NTU Calculator
Enter NTU and the capacity ratio Cr for a counter-flow exchanger to get effectiveness ε — the share of the maximum possible heat transfer it delivers.
In service MI-03-145Efficiency Calculator
Useful energy out over energy supplied in, as a percentage — joules through kilowatt-hours, working shown, impossible ratios flagged.
In service MI-03-146EIRP Calculator — Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
Add transmitter power and antenna gain, subtract cable loss — all in dB — to get EIRP, the figure spectrum regulators actually cap, not raw watts.
In service MI-03-147Elastic Constants Calculator
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in — shear modulus G and bulk modulus K out, for any isotropic material, in Pa, MPa, psi or ksi.
In service MI-03-148Elastic Potential Energy Calculator
Enter a spring constant and how far it is stretched or squashed; read energy stored, E = ½kx², in joules, kilojoules or calories.
In service MI-03-149Electric Field Calculator
Enter a point charge and your distance from it; read the electric field it creates in newtons per coulomb, with the inverse-square math shown.
In service MI-03-150Electric Motor Torque Calculator
Enter a motor's power and shaft RPM to get torque in newton-metres or foot-pounds, worked from T = P × 60 ⁄ (2πN).
In service MI-03-151Electric Potential Calculator
Enter a source charge and your distance from it; read the electric potential in volts, falling as 1⁄r, with the working shown.
In service MI-03-152Electrical Mobility Calculator
Enter drift velocity and electric field to get electrical mobility in m²/(V·s) — the ratio that sets how fast charge carriers answer a push, formula shown.
In service MI-03-153Electrical Power Calculator
Volts times amperes gives watts. Enter supply voltage and load current, read electrical power, with working shown and prefixed units handled.
In service MI-03-154Electron Speed Calculator
Enter an accelerating voltage; read how fast an electron leaves a gun. Non-relativistic qV = ½mv², with every step of arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-155Elongation Calculator
Enter axial force, length, cross-sectional area, and elastic modulus to find how far a rod or cable stretches under a steady pull.
In service MI-03-156Energy Density of Fields Calculator
Enter an electric field strength in V/m and get the energy stored per cubic metre of space, via u = ½ε₀E², with each step of the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-157Energy to Wavelength Calculator
Enter one photon's energy in electronvolts and read its wavelength in nanometres, micrometres, or metres, with λ = hc ⁄ E shown.
In service MI-03-158Engine Displacement Calculator
Swept volume from bore, stroke and cylinder count — read out in cc, litres or cubic inches, with badge rounding explained.
In service MI-03-159Enthalpy Calculator
Add internal energy to the pressure–volume product to get enthalpy in joules, with the formula, legend, and a worked thermodynamics example.
In service MI-03-160Escape Velocity Calculator
Enter a body's mass and radius; get the speed a projectile needs to break free for good — in m/s, km/h, or mph, with the substitution shown.
In service MI-03-161Evaporation Rate Calculator
Estimate open-water evaporation from surface and air temperature, humidity, area, and a mass-transfer coefficient, via the Tetens vapor-pressure formula.
In service MI-03-162Excess Electrons Calculator
Enter a net charge in coulombs and get the exact number of excess electrons behind it, using the elementary charge constant.
In service MI-03-163Exhaust Diameter Calculator
Enter exhaust flow in CFM and a target gas velocity in ft/s to size the pipe's inside diameter using the continuity equation.
In service MI-03-164Exoplanet Discovery Calculator
Enter a planet's radius and its star's radius to get the transit light-curve depth in percent — the brightness dip Kepler and TESS hunt for.
In service MI-03-165Exoplanet Travel Planner Calculator
Enter a distance in light-years and a cruise speed as a fraction of light speed to get Earth-frame travel time and the shorter time the crew actually ages.
In service MI-03-166Factor of Safety Calculator
Divide a material's ultimate or yield strength by the applied stress to get factor of safety, the margin before failure, with formula and worked example.
In service MI-03-167Fan Calculator
Enter a fan's known flow rate and RPM, plus a target RPM, to find the new airflow using the first fan affinity law, formula shown.
In service MI-03-168Faraday's Law Calculator
Enter current, time, molar mass, and valence to find the mass an electrolytic cell deposits, from Faraday's 1834 laws of electrolysis.
In service MI-03-169Fermi Level Calculator
Enter dopant concentration, intrinsic carrier concentration, and temperature to find how far a semiconductor's Fermi level sits from mid-gap.
In service MI-03-170Flat vs. Round Earth Calculator
Enter a sight distance and Earth's radius to see exactly how far the true horizon falls below a flat, straight-line reference.
In service MI-03-171Flow Rate Calculator
Pipe cross-section area and flow speed in, volumetric flow rate out in m³/s, l/s, m³/h or gpm. Continuity explained, plus a culvert worked end to end.
In service MI-03-172Flyback Converter Calculator
Enter input voltage, output voltage, and transformer turns ratio to find the duty cycle a flyback converter needs to hold its output.
In service MI-03-173Flywheel Energy Storage Calculator
Enter moment of inertia and angular velocity to find the kinetic energy a spinning flywheel stores, shown in joules or kilojoules.
In service MI-03-174Force Calculator
Multiply mass by acceleration for force in newtons, kilonewtons, pounds-force or kilograms-force, with each substitution shown.
In service MI-03-175Forward Converter Calculator
Enter input voltage, output voltage, and transformer turns ratio to find the switch duty cycle a forward converter needs, from D = Vout·n ⁄ Vin.
In service MI-03-176FPE calculator — Foot-pounds of Energy
Turn bullet weight in grains and muzzle velocity in ft/s into foot-pounds of energy, matching figures ammunition boxes and reloading manuals print.
In service MI-03-001Free Fall Calculator
Fall time and impact velocity from a drop height — or the height from the time.
In service MI-03-177Free Fall Distance Calculator
Enter how long an object has fallen from rest and get the distance it dropped, using d = ½gt² under standard gravity, worked out step by step.
In service MI-03-178Free Fall Height Calculator
Enter the impact speed you want and get the drop height needed to reach it, worked from h = v² ⁄ 2g under standard gravity.
In service MI-03-179Free Fall Time Calculator
Enter a drop height and get the time to impact in seconds, worked from t = √(2h/g) with every step of the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-180Free Fall Velocity Calculator
Enter how far something falls and get the speed at impact using v = √(2gh), with Earth's standard gravity built in as the constant.
In service MI-03-181Free Fall with Air Resistance Calculator
Enter mass, drag coefficient, area, and air density to get terminal velocity and speed at any fall time, from the drag-force balance equation.
In service MI-03-182Free Space Path Loss Calculator
Enter distance in kilometres and frequency in gigahertz to get free-space path loss in decibels — the geometric floor on any radio link's signal loss.
In service MI-03-183Frequency Bandwidth Calculator
Enter center frequency and Q factor to get the resonance bandwidth in Hz, kHz, MHz, or GHz, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-184Frequency Calculator
Enter how long one repeating cycle lasts and read the rate back in hertz, kilohertz, megahertz, or rpm. Reciprocal arithmetic, f = 1/T, working shown.
In service MI-03-185Frequency Converter
Convert a frequency in Hz to its period in seconds and its angular rate ω in rad/s, using the exact identities T = 1/f and ω = 2πf.
In service MI-03-186Frequency of Light Calculator
Enter a light wavelength in nanometres and read its frequency in hertz, kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz, from f = c ⁄ λ with the division shown.
In service MI-03-187Frequency To Wavelength Calculator
Enter a frequency from Hz to GHz and read the vacuum wavelength in nanometres, micrometres, or metres, with λ = c ⁄ f shown as working.
In service MI-03-188Fresnel Zone Calculator
Enter the two path distances and the link frequency to find the first Fresnel zone radius — the clearance a radio link needs to dodge diffraction loss.
In service MI-03-189Friction Calculator
Multiply a coefficient of friction by normal force for resistance in newtons, kilonewtons or pounds-force, with arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-190Friction Coefficient Calculator
Enter the measured friction force and normal force to get the dimensionless coefficient of friction, with the ratio and formula shown.
In service MI-03-191Friction Factor Calculator
Enter a Reynolds number and get the Darcy friction factor from the explicit Blasius correlation for turbulent flow in smooth pipes.
In service MI-03-192Friction Force Calculator
Enter the normal force and coefficient of friction to get the friction force in newtons, with the reasoning behind μN shown step by step.
In service MI-03-193Friction Loss Calculator
Enter flow rate, pipe diameter, length, and the Hazen-Williams C value to get friction head loss in metres of water, formula shown.
In service MI-03-194Froude Number Calculator
Enter velocity and a characteristic length to compute the Froude number — the ratio that marks subcritical from supercritical flow.
In service MI-03-195Fulcrum Calculator
Enter one force and its distance from the pivot, plus the second distance, to find the force that keeps a beam level on a fulcrum.
In service MI-03-196G Force Calculator
Enter an acceleration and this instrument divides it by standard gravity, 9.80665 m/s², to give G-force — the scale pilots and coaster engineers actually use.
In service MI-03-197Gas Density Calculator
Pressure, molar mass and temperature in; density in kg/m³ out via ρ = PM/RT. Dry air at sea level lands on aviation's standard 1.225 kg/m³.
In service MI-03-198Gauss's Law Calculator
Enter the charge enclosed by any closed surface and get the total electric flux through it, using Gauss's law, Φ = Q_enc ⁄ ε₀.
In service MI-03-199Gay-Lussac's Law Calculator
Heat a gas sealed in a rigid tank and watch pressure rise with kelvin — P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂, worked through in absolute units, step by step.
In service MI-03-200Gear Ratio Calculator
Driven and driving tooth counts give gear ratio; add an input speed and read output shaft rpm, with every substitution shown.
In service MI-03-201Gear Ratio RPM Calculator
Enter a driving speed and a gear ratio to see the driven shaft's RPM instantly, along with the reduction formula and torque trade-off.
In service MI-03-202Gear Ratio Speed Calculator
Enter engine RPM, gear ratio, final drive, and tire diameter to get road speed in mph, km/h, or m/s, with the driveline math shown.
In service MI-03-203Generator Power Calculator
Multiply a generator's kVA nameplate rating by the load's power factor to find the real, usable kilowatts it can actually deliver.
In service MI-03-204Gold Weight Calculator
Enter a volume of pure gold and get its mass in grams, kilograms, or ounces, using gold's density of 19,320 kg/m³.
In service MI-03-205Grams to cc Converter
Enter mass in grams and volume in cc (millilitres) to get density in g/cm³ — the actual arithmetic behind the search term "grams to cc."
In service MI-03-206Gravitational Force Calculator
Two masses and the gap between their centres in; the newtons of mutual attraction out, with the inverse-square working shown.
In service MI-03-207Gravitational Time Dilation Calculator
Enter a central mass and a distance from its center to find how much slower a clock ticks there than one infinitely far from that gravity.
In service MI-03-208Ground Speed Calculator
Combine true airspeed, wind speed, and the angle between heading and wind to solve the wind triangle and find real ground speed.
In service MI-03-209Hair Diffraction Calculator
Point a laser through a strand of hair, measure the dark-fringe spacing on a screen, and read off the hair's diameter in micrometres.
In service MI-03-210Hall Coefficient Calculator
Enter Hall voltage, sample thickness, current, and magnetic field to compute the Hall coefficient in m³/C, and read its sign for carrier type.
In service MI-03-211Harmonic Wave Equation Calculator
Enter amplitude, wave number, angular frequency, position, and time to compute the exact displacement of a travelling sine wave, y = A sin(kx − ωt).
In service MI-03-212Heat Capacity Calculator
Heat added divided by temperature rise gives the heat capacity of one particular object in joules per kelvin — its thermal mass.
In service MI-03-213Heat Index Calculator
Enter air temperature and relative humidity to get the NWS heat index — how hot the air actually feels once evaporative cooling is factored in.
In service MI-03-214Heat Transfer Calculator
Fourier's law for a flat layer: conductivity, area, temperature difference and thickness in, steady heat flow rate in watts out.
In service MI-03-215Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculator
Enter heat flow, surface area, and temperature difference to solve for the convective heat transfer coefficient h in W/(m²·K), with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-216Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle Calculator
Enter a position uncertainty and get the minimum momentum uncertainty quantum mechanics allows, in kg·m/s, per Heisenberg's 1927 principle.
In service MI-03-217Helical Coil Calculator
Enter shear modulus, wire diameter, coil diameter, and active coil count to get spring rate in newtons per metre, formula shown.
In service MI-03-218Helmholtz Resonator Calculator
Enter a neck's area and length plus a cavity's volume to get the resonant frequency of an enclosed air pocket — the physics behind blowing across a bottle.
In service MI-03-219High Pass Filter Calculator
Enter a series capacitor and a shunt resistor to find the RC corner where low frequencies roll off and higher ones pass through unattenuated.
In service MI-03-220Hohmann Transfer Calculator
Give the central body's mass and two circular orbit radii; get the coast time of the fuel-cheapest two-burn Hohmann transfer between them.
In service MI-03-221Hooke's Law Calculator
Enter a spring constant and a displacement to get the restoring force, F = k·x, with the elastic-limit caveat spelled out.
In service MI-03-222Hoop Stress Calculator
Enter internal pressure, inner radius, and wall thickness to find the hoop (circumferential) stress in a thin-walled cylinder, formula shown.
In service MI-03-223Horizontal Projectile Motion Calculator
Enter horizontal launch speed and drop height to get fall time and horizontal range for an object launched exactly level.
In service MI-03-224hp to amps Calculator
Enter a motor's horsepower, voltage, efficiency, and power factor to get the actual current it draws, not the naive watts-over-volts guess.
In service MI-03-225Hubble Law Distance Calculator
Enter a galaxy's distance in megaparsecs and the Hubble constant to find its recession velocity in km/s, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-226Hydraulic Conductivity Calculator
Back out a material's hydraulic conductivity K from a measured flow rate, path length, cross-sectional area, and head difference.
In service MI-03-227Hydraulic Gradient Calculator
Enter a head difference and the flow path length between two points to get the dimensionless hydraulic gradient that drives groundwater flow.
In service MI-03-228Hydraulic Jump Calculator
Enter the upstream Froude number to get the sequent depth ratio across a hydraulic jump, from the momentum-based Bélanger equation.
In service MI-03-229Hydraulic Pressure Calculator
Enter applied force and piston area to get hydraulic system pressure in bar, psi, or MPa, with Pascal's law and the exact formula shown.
In service MI-03-230Hydraulic Radius Calculator
Enter cross-sectional flow area and wetted perimeter to get hydraulic radius in metres — the A ⁄ P ratio behind Manning's open-channel flow equation.
In service MI-03-231Hydrogen Energy Levels Calculator
Enter nuclear charge Z and principal quantum number n to get a one-electron ion's orbital energy in eV, scaled by Z² from hydrogen's own levels.
In service MI-03-232Hydrostatic Pressure Calculator
Fluid density and depth in, gauge pressure out in pascals. Why vessel shape never matters, plus a worked example at 10 metres of water.
In service MI-03-233Ideal Gas Density Calculator
Enter pressure, molar mass in g/mol, and temperature in kelvin to get gas density in kg/m³, straight from the ideal gas law.
In service MI-03-234Ideal Gas Law Calculator
Moles, kelvin and volume in; absolute pressure out via PV = nRT. One mole at 0 °C in 22.414 litres lands on 101,325 Pa, as it must.
In service MI-03-235Ideal Gas Pressure Calculator
Enter amount, temperature, and volume to compute a gas's pressure from the ideal gas law, checked against the STP definition.
In service MI-03-236Ideal Gas Temperature Calculator
Enter pressure, volume, and amount of gas to find its temperature from the ideal gas law, with the formula and worked arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-237Ideal Gas Volume Calculator
Enter amount, temperature, and pressure to get the volume an ideal gas occupies, computed from V = nRT ⁄ P with the exact gas constant.
In service MI-03-238Ideal Transformer Calculator
Enter primary voltage and the turns on each winding to find secondary voltage from the turns ratio — the defining relation of an ideal transformer.
In service MI-03-239Immersed Weight Calculator
Enter mass, fluid density, and displaced volume to see how much an object weighs once it is fully submerged, using Archimedes' principle.
In service MI-03-240Impact Energy Calculator
Enter mass and drop height to get impact energy in joules — the same figure safety engineers use to judge struck-by hazards on a jobsite.
In service MI-03-241Impact Test Calculator
Enter the pendulum's mass and the heights it swings from and through to get the absorbed impact energy, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-242Impulse and Momentum Calculator
Enter a mass and its before-and-after velocity to get the impulse it received — the change in momentum, in kg·m/s or the equivalent N·s.
In service MI-03-243Inclined Plane Calculator
Mass and ramp angle in, gravity's downhill pull out. F = m·g·sin θ plus whatever presses into that surface, in newtons, kgf or pounds-force.
In service MI-03-244Index of Refraction Calculator
Enter the light speed inside a medium and get its index of refraction, computed as n = c ⁄ v, with the formula and worked numbers shown.
In service MI-03-245Inductive Reactance Calculator
Inductance and frequency in, ohms out: how hard a coil pushes back on alternating current at 2πfL, with working shown.
In service MI-03-246Inductor Energy Storage Calculator
Enter inductance and current to find the energy a coil banks in its magnetic field, in joules — the figure that sizes a flyback diode or snubber.
In service MI-03-247Inductors in Parallel Calculator
Two inductors on the same pair of nodes combine by product over sum, in henries — the reciprocal-sum rule matched to changing current.
In service MI-03-248Inductors In Series Calculator
Wire two inductors end to end and their henries add directly. Enter both values and read a combined total, with the reasoning shown.
In service MI-03-249Insertion Loss Calculator
Enter the power measured before and after a filter, connector, cable, or splice to get insertion loss in decibels, IL = 10·log10(Pin ⁄ Pout).
In service MI-03-250Internal Resistance Calculator
Enter open-circuit EMF, terminal voltage under load, and current drawn to find a battery's hidden internal resistance in ohms.
In service MI-03-251Intrinsic Carrier Concentration Calculator
Enter a material's 300K reference concentration and bandgap energy; get its intrinsic carrier concentration at any temperature, formula shown.
In service MI-03-252Inverse Square Law Calculator
Enter a source's power and its distance to find intensity in watts per square metre — the geometric falloff shared by light, sound, gravity, and radiation.
In service MI-03-253Inverting Buck-Boost Converter Calculator
Enter input voltage and duty cycle to find an inverting buck-boost converter's negative output voltage, Vout = −Vin·D ⁄ (1 − D).
In service MI-03-254Isentropic Flow Calculator
Enter Mach number and the gas's specific heat ratio to get the stagnation-to-static temperature ratio for isentropic, adiabatic compressible flow.
In service MI-03-255J-Pole Antenna Calculator
Enter frequency and a conductor's velocity factor to get the exact quarter-wave matching-stub length for a J-pole antenna build, formula shown.
In service MI-03-256Joule Heating Calculator
Enter current and resistance to get the power dissipated as heat, P = I²R — the square-law relationship behind fuse ratings and wire gauge limits.
In service MI-03-257Kepler's Third Law Calculator
Mass at the centre and semi-major axis in, orbital period out — seconds through years, with the arithmetic and a sidereal-day check shown.
In service MI-03-258kg to Newtons Calculator
Convert a mass in kilograms to its weight force in newtons using F = mg and Earth's standard gravity, with every step shown.
In service MI-03-259Kinematic Viscosity of Air Calculator
Enter dynamic viscosity and air density to get kinematic viscosity in m²/s — the ratio that actually drives the Reynolds number.
In service MI-03-260Kinetic Energy Calculator
Mass and speed in, joules out — KE = ½mv² with unit menus from grams to tonnes and m/s to mph, plus a worked example at highway speed.
In service MI-03-261Kinetic Energy of a Pendulum Calculator
Enter a pendulum bob's mass and its speed at one point in the swing to find the kinetic energy there, worked as KE = ½mv² in joules.
In service MI-03-262Knudsen Number Calculator
Enter a gas's mean free path and a characteristic length to get the Knudsen number, the ratio deciding whether continuum fluid dynamics still applies.
In service MI-03-263kVA Calculator
Enter single-phase voltage and current to get apparent power in kVA — the rating figure printed on generators, UPS units, and transformers.
In service MI-03-264kVA to Amperage Calculator
Enter the kVA rating and voltage from a transformer, generator, or UPS nameplate to get the full-load current it is built to carry.
In service MI-03-265Laser Beam Divergence Calculator
Find the diffraction-limited divergence half-angle of a Gaussian laser beam from its wavelength and waist radius, in milliradians.
In service MI-03-266Laser Beam Expander Calculator
Enter the input and output lens focal lengths of a beam expander to get its magnification and how far it shrinks beam divergence.
In service MI-03-267Laser Beam Spot Size Calculator
Enter the beam waist, wavelength, and downstream distance to find the actual radius a focused laser beam has spread to at that point.
In service MI-03-268Laser Brightness Calculator
Enter laser power, beam area, and solid angle of emission to get radiance in W/(m²·sr) — the figure that predicts focusing and fibre-coupling performance.
In service MI-03-269Laser Linewidth and Bandwidth Calculator
Convert a laser's center wavelength and spectral linewidth into coherence length using L_c = λ² ⁄ Δλ, read out in mm, m, or km.
In service MI-03-270Latent Heat Calculator
Mass and a tabulated latent heat in, joules out — what melting, boiling, freezing or condensing costs while temperature holds still.
In service MI-03-271LC Filter Calculator
Find the resonant frequency of an LC tank circuit from inductance and capacitance, with the formula worked out step by step.
In service MI-03-272LED Resistor Calculator
Enter supply voltage, LED forward voltage, and target current to get the current-limiting resistor in ohms, worked from R = (Vs − Vf) ⁄ If.
In service MI-03-273Length Contraction Calculator
Enter a proper length and a relative velocity to get the contracted length a moving observer measures, using special relativity's Lorentz factor.
In service MI-03-274Lens Maker Equation Calculator
Enter the refractive index and both surface curvatures to get a lens's focal length, with the sign convention for R1 and R2 explained plainly.
In service MI-03-275Lever Calculator
Load force and both arm lengths in, effort force out. Torque balance about a fulcrum, with mechanical advantage and pivot reaction shown.
In service MI-03-276Lift Coefficient Calculator
Enter lift force, air density, airspeed, and wing area to get lift coefficient CL, the dimensionless number describing a wing's shape and angle of attack.
In service MI-03-277Light Year Calculator
Convert any distance in kilometres into light-years, the fixed distance light covers in one Julian year, with the exact formula shown.
In service MI-03-278Lightning Distance Calculator
Count the seconds between a lightning flash and its thunder, then convert that delay into kilometres using the speed of sound in air.
In service MI-03-279Linear Actuator Force Calculator
Enter motor torque, lead screw pitch and mechanical efficiency to get the linear thrust a screw-driven actuator delivers, from F = 2πTη ⁄ pitch.
In service MI-03-280LMTD Calculator – Log Mean Temperature Difference
Enter the temperature difference at each end of a heat exchanger to get its log mean temperature difference, the driving ΔT in Q = U·A·LMTD.
In service MI-03-281Lorentz Force Calculator
Enter charge, particle speed, magnetic flux density and the angle between velocity and field; read magnetic force in newtons.
In service MI-03-282Low Pass Filter Calculator
Enter a resistor and capacitor value to find an RC low-pass filter's cutoff frequency, the point where the output has fallen to −3 dB.
In service MI-03-283Lumen Calculator (Lumen to Lux to Candela)
Enter a target illuminance in lux and a room's floor area to find the total luminous flux, in lumens, a fixture must deliver evenly.
In service MI-03-284Luminosity Calculator
Enter a star's radius and surface temperature to compute total radiated power in watts, using the Stefan-Boltzmann law L = 4πR²σT⁴.
In service MI-03-285Lux to Foot Candles Converter
Convert an illuminance reading from lux to footcandles with the exact geometric factor, the formula shown, and a worked office-lighting example.
In service MI-03-286Mach Number Calculator
Divide an object's velocity by the local speed of sound to get its Mach number — the ratio that marks subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flight.
In service MI-03-287Magnetic Declination Calculator
Convert a compass bearing to a true bearing using local magnetic declination, with the sign convention and formula shown clearly.
In service MI-03-288Magnetic Dipole Moment Calculator
Enter coil turns, current, and loop area to get the magnetic dipole moment in A·m², using m = N·I·A, with torque context shown.
In service MI-03-289Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Wire Calculator
Enter the current and the distance from a straight wire to find the magnetic field strength in tesla, from Ampère's circuital law.
In service MI-03-290Magnetic Force Between Current-Carrying Wires Calculator
Enter the current in each wire and their separation to get the magnetic force per metre — the relation that once defined the ampere itself.
In service MI-03-291Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire Calculator
Enter magnetic field strength, current, wire length, and the angle between them to get the force on a current-carrying wire in newtons, from F = BIL sinθ.
In service MI-03-292Magnetic Moment Calculator
Enter g-factor, charge, mass, and angular momentum to get magnetic moment in A·m² — the classical gyromagnetic relation, worked and shown.
In service MI-03-293Magnetic Permeability Calculator
Enter magnetic flux density and magnetizing field strength to get absolute and relative permeability, via μ = B⁄H and μr = μ⁄μ₀, worked step by step.
In service MI-03-294Magnitude of Acceleration Calculator
Enter the x and y components of an acceleration vector and get the resultant magnitude via the Pythagorean theorem, formula shown.
In service MI-03-295Magnus Force Calculator
Compute the sideways Magnus force on a spinning ball, shell, or rotor from its lift coefficient, air density, area, and velocity, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-296Malus Law Calculator
Enter incident intensity and the angle between two polarizer axes; get transmitted intensity from I = I0 cos²θ, worked out exactly.
In service MI-03-297Manometer Calculator
Enter manometer fluid density and the column height difference to get the pressure reading in Pa, kPa, psi, or mmHg, via ΔP = ρgh.
In service MI-03-298Mass Moment of Inertia Calculator
Enter a point mass and its radius from the rotation axis; get moment of inertia in kg·m² instantly, worked and explained.
In service MI-03-299Mass Moment of Inertia Calculator
Enter roll mass and inner/outer radius to find a hollow cylinder's moment of inertia in kg·m², the arithmetic behind why nearly-empty rolls spin wildly.
In service MI-03-300Mass to Density Calculator
Enter a density from a reference table and the volume you plan to use; multiply to get mass in kilograms before anything is poured or lifted.
In service MI-03-301Maximum Height Calculator – Projectile Motion
Enter launch speed and angle to find the peak height a projectile reaches before gravity brings it back down, with the derivation shown.
In service MI-03-302Mean Free Path Calculator
Mean distance a gas molecule travels between collisions, from temperature, pressure and molecular diameter. Air at sea level: about 66 nm.
In service MI-03-303Mechanical Advantage Calculator
Load force over effort force, as a pure dimensionless ratio — the actual advantage your gauges report, not the one geometry promises.
In service MI-03-304Mirror Equation Calculator
Focal length and object distance in, image distance and magnification out — signs included, so you know whether the image is real or inverted.
In service MI-03-305Mixed Air Calculator
Blend return air and outside air by damper percentage to find the mixed air temperature entering an HVAC coil, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-306Mixed Air Temperature Calculator
Enter return, outside, and target mixed-air temperatures to solve for the outside-air damper percentage needed to reach that setpoint.
In service MI-03-307Mixing Ratio of Air Calculator
Enter air temperature, relative humidity, and pressure to find grams of water vapor per kilogram of dry air, via the Tetens saturation formula.
In service MI-03-308MOA Calculator — Minute of Angle
Convert a minute-of-angle scope adjustment into inches of impact shift at any distance in yards, using the true 1.047 constant.
In service MI-03-309Modulation Calculator
Enter an AM envelope's peak and trough voltages to get the modulation index and modulation depth percentage, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-310Mohr's Circle Calculator
Enter normal stresses σx, σy and shear stress τxy at a point to get Mohr's circle center, radius, and the two principal stresses.
In service MI-03-311Moisture Content Calculator
Weigh a sample wet, dry it fully, weigh it again — this instrument turns those two masses into moisture content on a wet basis, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-312Momentum Calculator
Multiply mass by velocity to get momentum in kilogram-metres per second. Any unit in — grams to tonnes, mph to m/s — with the working shown.
In service MI-03-313MOSFET Calculator
Enter the transconductance parameter k, gate-source voltage, and threshold voltage to find a MOSFET's saturation drain current from the square-law equation.
In service MI-03-314MOSFET Threshold Voltage Calculator
Enter a measured drain current, a device's transconductance parameter k, and the gate-source bias to back-calculate a MOSFET's threshold voltage.
In service MI-03-315Muzzle Velocity Calculator
Enter a bullet's muzzle energy in ft-lb and its weight in grains to solve for the muzzle velocity in fps that produced it, formula shown.
In service MI-03-316Natural Frequency Calculator
Enter a spring constant and a mass to find the natural frequency in Hz — the rate the pair oscillates at once disturbed, with the derivation shown.
In service MI-03-317Net Force Calculator
Combine two forces acting at any angle using the law of cosines; enter magnitudes and the angle between them for the exact net force in newtons.
In service MI-03-318Newton's Law of Cooling Calculator
Enter a starting temperature, ambient temperature, a cooling constant, and elapsed time to find an object's temperature by exponential decay.
In service MI-03-319Newton's Second Law Calculator
Feed a net force and a mass into Newton's second law; acceleration comes back in m/s², ft/s² or g, with working you can check by hand.
In service MI-03-320Newton's Third Law Calculator
Enter an applied force and two masses to find the equal-and-opposite reaction force and each object's resulting acceleration in m/s².
In service MI-03-321Noise Figure Calculator
Enter input and output SNR as linear power ratios to get noise factor F and noise figure in dB, the number printed on every amplifier datasheet.
In service MI-03-322Normal Force Calculator
Mass and slope angle in, perpendicular contact force out. N = m·g·cos θ with working shown, in newtons, kilonewtons, kgf or pounds-force.
In service MI-03-323NPSH Calculator – Net Positive Suction Head
Find available NPSH from atmospheric pressure, suction head, friction loss, and vapor pressure — the margin a pump needs to avoid cavitation.
In service MI-03-324Number Density Calculator
Divide particle count by volume for number density in particles per cubic metre — the figure behind gas pressure, plasma density, and doping specs.
In service MI-03-325Nusselt Number Calculator
Enter the convective coefficient, characteristic length, and fluid conductivity to get the Nusselt number, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-326Oblique Shock Calculator
Enter the upstream Mach number and shock wave angle to get the flow deflection angle for supersonic wedge and ramp flow, from the theta-beta-Mach relation.
In service MI-03-327Ohm's Law Calculator
Current in amperes, resistance in ohms, voltage out — V = I·R, with working shown and prefixed units handled for you.
In service MI-03-328Ohm's Law Current Calculator
Enter the voltage across a component and its resistance to get current in amps, using I = V ÷ R, Ohm's law solved for current.
In service MI-03-329Ohm's Law Power Calculator
Multiply voltage by current to get watts — the direct P = V × I step that also underlies the P = I²R and P = V²/R forms of Ohm's law.
In service MI-03-330Ohm's Law Resistance Calculator
Divide a measured voltage by a measured current to find a component's resistance in ohms — the R = V ⁄ I rearrangement, worked and checked.
In service MI-03-331Olber's Paradox
Enter stellar density, star luminosity, and radius to sum starlight shell by shell, and see why an infinite static universe would blaze.
In service MI-03-332Open Channel Flow Calculator
Enter channel width, flow depth, slope, and Manning's roughness coefficient to get flow area, hydraulic radius, and discharge from Manning's equation.
In service MI-03-333Optical Density Calculator
Enter a filter's transmittance as a fraction and get its optical density — the logarithmic scale welding lenses, ND filters, and lab cuvettes are rated in.
In service MI-03-334Orbital Period Calculator
Enter a semi-major axis and a central mass to get orbital period from Kepler's third law, checked here against the Moon's real orbit.
In service MI-03-335Orbital Velocity Calculator
Give the central body's mass and the orbital radius; read back the speed a circular orbit demands, in m/s, km/h or mph, arithmetic on show.
In service MI-03-336Orifice Flow Calculator
Enter the discharge coefficient, orifice area, and head to compute the volumetric flow rate through a sharp-edged opening in a tank wall.
In service MI-03-337Parallax Calculator
Enter a star's measured parallax angle in arcseconds and get its distance in parsecs, computed as the exact reciprocal, 1 ÷ p.
In service MI-03-338Parallel Capacitor Calculator
Two capacitors bridging the same pair of nodes add directly in farads — enter both values in any unit and read a combined total instantly.
In service MI-03-339Parallel Resistor Calculator
Two resistors bridging one pair of nodes, combined by product over sum. Enter both in ohms, kilohms, or megohms and read a combined total.
In service MI-03-340Particles Velocity Calculator
Enter kinetic energy and particle mass to solve v = √(2·KE ⁄ m), the classical speed formula used for electrons, ions, and lab particles.
In service MI-03-341Pendulum Frequency Calculator
Enter a pendulum's length and read its oscillation frequency in hertz, f = (1/2π)√(g/L), derived from small-angle motion.
In service MI-03-342Pendulum Period Calculator
Enter a pendulum's length in meters and get its swing period in seconds from T = 2π√(L/g), the small-angle formula clockmakers rely on.
In service MI-03-343Photoelectric Effect Calculator
Enter light frequency and a material's work function to get the maximum kinetic energy of ejected photoelectrons, in eV.
In service MI-03-344Photon Detection Efficiency Calculator (SiPM)
Multiply quantum efficiency, fill factor, and avalanche trigger probability to find a silicon photomultiplier's real photon detection efficiency.
In service MI-03-345Photon Energy Calculator
Enter a wavelength, read the energy carried by one photon in joules. E = hc/λ, exact 2019 SI constants, substitution shown.
In service MI-03-346Physical Pendulum Calculator
Compute the swing period of a rigid pivoting body from its moment of inertia, mass, and pivot-to-center-of-mass distance: T = 2π√(I ⁄ mgd).
In service MI-03-347Pipe Flow Calculator
Enter internal pipe diameter and mean flow velocity; get volumetric flow rate in litres or cubic metres per second, straight from the continuity equation.
In service MI-03-348Pipe Velocity Calculator
Duty flow and internal bore in, mean velocity and cross-section out. Material limits, surge pressure, and the inverse-square rule that catches people.
In service MI-03-349Piston Force Calculator
Multiply hydraulic or pneumatic pressure by piston bore area to find the push a cylinder delivers, in newtons or kilonewtons.
In service MI-03-350Piston Speed Calculator
Enter stroke length and engine RPM to get mean piston speed in m/s — the linear-speed figure engine builders use to judge how hard a bottom end is working.
In service MI-03-351Pneumatic Cylinder Force Calculator
Enter air supply pressure, bore area, and rod area to get a double-acting pneumatic cylinder's extend and retract force in newtons.
In service MI-03-352Poise-Stokes Converter
Convert dynamic viscosity in poise and density in g/cm³ to kinematic viscosity in stokes with ν = μ ⁄ ρ, the CGS relation lubricant datasheets still quote.
In service MI-03-353Poiseuille's Law Calculator
Enter pipe radius, pressure difference, viscosity, and length to find laminar volumetric flow rate — and see why radius rules the result.
In service MI-03-354Poisson's Ratio Calculator
Enter transverse and axial strain to compute Poisson's ratio instantly, with the sign convention and the exact formula shown alongside the result.
In service MI-03-355Polar Moment of Inertia Calculator
Enter a solid round shaft's diameter to get its polar moment of inertia J, the cross-section property that governs torsional stiffness and shear stress.
In service MI-03-356Porosity and Permeability Calculator
Divide void (pore) volume by total bulk volume to get porosity as a percentage — how much of a rock, soil, or foam sample is empty space.
In service MI-03-357Potential Energy Calculator
Mass and height in, gravitational potential energy out — in joules, kilojoules, or kilocalories, computed with standard gravity 9.80665 m/s².
In service MI-03-358Pounds per Minute Calculator
Divide a mass in pounds by the minutes it took to move to get mass flow rate in lb/min — for conveyors, feeders, and dosing pumps.
In service MI-03-359Pounds per Square Inch Calculator
Enter an applied force and the area it presses on to get pressure in psi, kPa, bar, or pascals, with the F ⁄ A arithmetic shown in full.
In service MI-03-360Power Dissipation Calculator
Find how many watts a resistive component sheds as heat from its current and resistance, using the squared-current relation P = I²R.
In service MI-03-361Power Factor Calculator
Divide real power in kW by apparent power in kVA to get power factor — the ratio utilities bill against and electricians size wiring from.
In service MI-03-362Power-to-Weight Ratio Calculator
Engine output divided by mass, in watts per kilogram. Feed it kilowatts, horsepower, kilograms or pounds and read the ratio that sets acceleration.
In service MI-03-363Prandtl Meyer Expansion Calculator
Enter a supersonic Mach number and get the Prandtl-Meyer angle in degrees — the cumulative turn a flow has made through isentropic expansion since Mach 1.
In service MI-03-364Prandtl Number Calculator
Enter specific heat, dynamic viscosity, and thermal conductivity to get the Prandtl number, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-365Pressure Calculator
Force in, area in, pressure out in pascals, bar or psi. Why a tack point beats a hammer blow, with a worked example and the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-366Principal Stress Calculator
Enter normal stresses σx, σy and shear stress τxy at a point to find the exact rotation angle where the shear on that stress element vanishes.
In service MI-03-367Projectile Motion Calculator
Launch speed and angle in; range, apex height and hang time out. Drag-free ballistics at standard gravity, with every substitution shown.
In service MI-03-368Projectile Motion Experiment Calculator
Enter one launch velocity and angle; read time of flight, horizontal range, and maximum height together for a lab trajectory report.
In service MI-03-369Projectile Range Calculator
Enter launch velocity and launch angle to get horizontal range on level ground, from R = v²sin(2θ) ⁄ g, with the working shown in full.
In service MI-03-370Prop Pitch Calculator
Enter propeller pitch and RPM to get the theoretical zero-slip forward speed in mph or km/h, with the formula and worked math shown.
In service MI-03-371Prop Slip Calculator
Enter a propeller's theoretical (pitch × RPM) speed and its actual measured speed to get percent slip — the gap between ideal and real propulsion.
In service MI-03-372Psychrometric Calculator
Enter air temperature and relative humidity to get the dew point in °C from the Magnus formula, with every step of the algebra shown.
In service MI-03-373Pulley Calculator
Enter the applied pulling force and the number of rope segments supporting the load to find the load force a pulley system can lift.
In service MI-03-374Pump Horsepower Calculator
Enter flow rate, total dynamic head, and fluid specific gravity to find the hydraulic horsepower a pump delivers to the fluid.
In service MI-03-375Quantum Number Calculator
Enter a shell's principal quantum number n and get its maximum electron capacity, N_max = 2n², with the quantum-mechanical derivation shown.
In service MI-03-376Quarter Mile Calculator
Estimate quarter-mile elapsed time and trap speed from a vehicle's weight and horsepower using the classic weight-to-power drag formula.
In service MI-03-377Quiz: Bend Allowance Calculator
Run a fixed 90-degree, 3 mm radius, 2 mm sheet bend through the K-factor formula by hand and see if your answer matches the drill's answer key.
In service MI-03-378Quiz: Electrical Power Calculator
Practice the P = V × I relationship: enter voltage and current, get power in watts, and check your own arithmetic against the working shown.
In service MI-03-379Quiz: Frequency Calculator
A stripped-down two-field checker for f = 1/T: enter a period in seconds or milliseconds and read frequency in hertz, with no menus to hide a slip.
In service MI-03-380Quiz: Net Force Calculator
Enter mass and acceleration and get the net force Newton's second law predicts, so you can check a homework or lab answer in seconds.
In service MI-03-381Quiz: Potential Energy Calculator
Enter a mass and a height; this instrument returns the gravitational potential energy PE = mgh gives, a quick way to confirm a textbook or lab figure.
In service MI-03-382Quiz: Power Factor Calculator
Enter the phase angle between voltage and current; get power factor as cos(φ) — the same quantity the P ⁄ S calculator finds a different way.
In service MI-03-383Quiz: RC Filter Calculator
Enter one resistor and capacitor pair and see both the cutoff frequency and the RC time constant, so you can check the two agree.
In service MI-03-384Radar Horizon Calculator
Enter antenna height in feet to get the radar horizon in miles — the farthest line-of-sight range under the standard 4/3-Earth refraction model.
In service MI-03-385Radiation Pressure Calculator
Enter light intensity and whether the surface reflects or absorbs it to get radiation pressure in pascals, with the momentum-transfer formula shown.
In service MI-03-386RC Circuit Calculator
Resistance times capacitance gives your time constant in seconds, alongside the 5τ interval that carries any capacitor to roughly 99 percent charged.
In service MI-03-387RC Filter Calculator
Enter a resistor and a capacitor to get the RC pair's time constant and its −3 dB cutoff frequency, computed straight from R and C.
In service MI-03-388Reaction Time Calculator
Enter a vehicle's speed and a driver's reaction time to see how far it travels before the brakes even engage.
In service MI-03-389Recoil Energy Calculator
Enter bullet mass, bullet velocity, and gun weight to get recoil velocity in fps and free recoil energy in ft-lb, with the momentum math shown.
In service MI-03-390Redshift Calculator
Enter a spectral line's rest and observed wavelength to get redshift z and the recession velocity it implies at low z, non-relativistically.
In service MI-03-391Reduced Mass Calculator
Enter two masses to get the reduced mass, μ = m1m2/(m1+m2) — the one number that turns a two-body orbit or vibration into a solvable one-body problem.
In service MI-03-392Refrigerant Capillary Tube Calculator
Find the mass flow rate of liquid refrigerant through a capillary tube from its discharge coefficient, bore area, density, and pressure drop.
In service MI-03-393Relative Humidity Calculator
Enter air temperature and dew point to get relative humidity instantly, using the Magnus-formula saturation curve, with the calculation shown.
In service MI-03-394Relativistic Kinetic Energy Calculator
Enter speed and rest mass to get the Lorentz factor and relativistic kinetic energy, with the classical half-mv-squared gap shown.
In service MI-03-395Resistor Color Code Calculator
Decode four resistor color bands into an exact resistance in ohms, then see the minimum and maximum value its tolerance band allows.
In service MI-03-396Resistor Noise Calculator
Enter a resistor's resistance, temperature, and measurement bandwidth to get its RMS Johnson-Nyquist thermal noise voltage in volts.
In service MI-03-397Resistor Wattage Calculator
Enter the voltage across a resistor and its resistance to get the power it dissipates in watts and the current it draws in amps.
In service MI-03-398Resonant Frequency Calculator
Enter a coil's inductance and a capacitor's capacitance to get the LC circuit's resonant frequency in Hz and its angular rate in rad/s.
In service MI-03-399Resultant Velocity Calculator
Combine two velocities by magnitude and direction into one resultant speed and heading, with the east-north components shown at every step.
In service MI-03-400Reverberation Time Calculator
Enter a room's volume and total sound absorption in Sabins to find RT60, the time for reverberation to decay 60 dB, per Sabine's formula.
In service MI-03-401Reynolds Number Calculator
Density, speed, bore and dynamic viscosity in; a dimensionless Reynolds number out, with its laminar, transitional or turbulent verdict.
In service MI-03-402RLC Circuit Calculator
Enter series resistance, inductance, and capacitance to get resonant frequency, quality factor Q, and the -3 dB bandwidth around it.
In service MI-03-403RLC Impedance Calculator
Enter resistance, inductance, capacitance and frequency for a series RLC circuit; get impedance magnitude, phase angle, and both reactances shown separately.
In service MI-03-404RMS Voltage Calculator
Enter a sine wave's peak voltage to get its RMS value (V_peak/√2) and full-wave average (2V_peak/π), the ratings equipment nameplates actually use.
In service MI-03-405Rocket Equation Calculator
Enter exhaust velocity and the wet and dry mass of a stage to get its ideal delta-v — the vacuum, single-burn baseline every real launch budget starts from.
In service MI-03-406Rocket Thrust Calculator
Enter mass flow, exhaust velocity, and the nozzle's exit pressure and area to get engine thrust in newtons, momentum and pressure terms shown separately.
In service MI-03-407Rockwell Hardness Conversion Calculator
Convert a Rockwell C hardness reading (20-65 HRC) to its approximate Brinell hardness using the five-segment ASTM E140 table.
In service MI-03-408Rolling Resistance Calculator
Multiply a rolling resistance coefficient by vehicle weight to get retarding force in newtons, with substitution and typical coefficients shown.
In service MI-03-409Root Mean Square Speed Calculator for Ideal Gas
Enter gas temperature and molar mass to get the root-mean-square molecular speed straight from kinetic theory, no measurement required.
In service MI-03-410Root Mean Square Velocity Calculator
Enter three measured speeds and get their root-mean-square velocity — the square-root-of-mean-of-squares figure that energy and damage actually track.
In service MI-03-411Rotational Kinetic Energy Calculator
Moment of inertia and angular velocity in, joules out — rad/s, deg/s and rpm menus, a worked kick-wheel example, and the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-412Rotational Stiffness Calculator
Enter a shaft's shear modulus, diameter, and length to get its torsional stiffness, k = GJ/L, in newton-metres per radian of twist.
In service MI-03-413Rydberg Equation Calculator
Enter the two quantum levels of a hydrogen transition to get the emitted photon's exact wavelength, with the formula and derivation shown.
In service MI-03-414SCFM Calculator — Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
Converts actual gas flow (ACFM) at real line pressure and temperature into standard flow (SCFM) at 101,325 Pa and 15.56°C.
In service MI-03-415Schwarzschild Radius Calculator
Enter a mass and get its Schwarzschild radius — the size that mass would need to be crushed to for its own escape velocity to reach light speed.
In service MI-03-416Section Modulus Calculator
Beam width and depth in; elastic section modulus in m³ and second moment of area in m⁴ out, for a solid rectangular section.
In service MI-03-417Sensible Heat Calculator
Enter mass, a specific heat value and a temperature change to get sensible heat in joules — the energy a duct, room or lab sample spends on warming up.
In service MI-03-418Series Resistor Calculator
Up to three resistors in a single path, added straight up. Enter values as megohms, kilohms, or plain ohms and take back the chain total.
In service MI-03-419Shaft Size Calculator
Enter the torque a shaft must carry and the allowable shear stress; get the minimum solid round-shaft diameter from the torsion formula.
In service MI-03-420Shear Modulus Calculator
Push a block sideways, measure how far its top leans, and read G — the stiffness that governs twisting and distortion rather than stretching.
In service MI-03-421Shear Strain Calculator
Sideways deflection over height gives engineering shear strain, plus the exact lean angle by arctangent — factor-of-two convention explained.
In service MI-03-422Shear Stress Calculator
Divide an applied shear force by the area resisting it to get shear stress in Pa, kPa or MPa, with single vs double shear explained.
In service MI-03-423Shear Wave Velocity Calculator
Enter shear modulus and density to find how fast a transverse elastic wave crosses a solid — the S-wave speed used in seismic site class and weld testing.
In service MI-03-424Shockley Diode Calculator
Enter saturation current, forward voltage, ideality factor, and junction temperature to get diode current from the Shockley equation.
In service MI-03-425Signal-to-Noise Ratio Calculator
Enter signal and noise voltage amplitudes to get SNR in decibels via 20·log₁₀(Vs/Vn), the ratio form audio and RF engineers actually use.
In service MI-03-426Simple Harmonic Motion Calculator
Enter amplitude, angular frequency, and a moment in time to get displacement, velocity, and acceleration for an oscillator in simple harmonic motion.
In service MI-03-427Simple Pendulum Calculator
Enter a pendulum's length and read its swing period and frequency, T = 2π√(L/g), with the small-angle limit stated plainly.
In service MI-03-428Skin Depth Calculator
Enter resistivity, frequency, and permeability to find how deep alternating current actually penetrates a conductor before it fades.
In service MI-03-429Sled Ride Calculator
Enter a slope angle, friction coefficient, starting speed and time to get a sled's acceleration, distance, and final speed downhill.
In service MI-03-430Slenderness Ratio Calculator
Enter effective length, moment of inertia and cross-sectional area to get radius of gyration and slenderness ratio, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-431Smartphone Projector Calculator
Compute the magnification and projected image width of a DIY shoebox smartphone projector from lens focal length and throw distance.
In service MI-03-432Snell's Law Calculator
Two refractive indices and an angle of incidence in, the refracted angle out — with total internal reflection flagged when no refracted ray exists.
In service MI-03-433Solenoid Inductance Calculator
Enter turns, cross-sectional area, and coil length to get an air-core solenoid's inductance in henries, with the μ₀N²A⁄l formula shown.
In service MI-03-434Solenoid Magnetic Field Calculator
Enter turn count, current, and coil length to find the magnetic field inside an air-core solenoid, in tesla, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-435Sound Absorption Coefficient Calculator
Divide absorbed sound intensity by incident intensity to get α, the 0-to-1 ratio engineers use to rate how a surface handles sound energy.
In service MI-03-436Sound Wavelength Calculator
Enter a medium's speed of sound and a frequency to get the sound wave's physical length in metres, centimetres, or millimetres, formula shown.
In service MI-03-437Space Travel Calculator
Enter a trip distance and a steady cruise speed to get travel time, the way mission planners and pilots rough out an ETA.
In service MI-03-438Specific Gas Constant Calculator
Divide the universal gas constant by a gas's molar mass to get its specific gas constant in J/(kg·K), the form pV = mRT actually needs.
In service MI-03-439Specific Gravity Calculator
Substance density divided by water's, giving a dimensionless ratio: under 1 floats, over 1 sinks. Mercury lands at 13.534, worked through.
In service MI-03-440Specific Heat Calculator
Enter mass, a material's specific heat capacity and a temperature change; read heat energy in joules, calories or watt-hours.
In service MI-03-441Specific Impulse Calculator
Enter effective exhaust velocity in m/s and get specific impulse in seconds, the efficiency rating printed on every rocket engine spec sheet.
In service MI-03-442Speed of Light Calculator
Enter any distance and get the exact time light takes to cross it — from a room, to the Moon, to Mars, in seconds, minutes, or days.
In service MI-03-443Speed of Sound Calculator
Enter the air temperature and read how fast sound travels through it, in metres per second, km/h, mph or feet per second.
In service MI-03-444Speed of Sound in Solids Calculator
Enter Young's modulus and density to get the longitudinal wave speed through a rod, wire, or rail, in metres per second.
In service MI-03-445Speeds and Feeds Calculator
Enter cutting speed, tool diameter, feed per tooth, and flute count to get the spindle RPM and table feed rate for milling.
In service MI-03-446Sphere Density Calculator
Enter a sphere's mass and radius to compute volume from V = (4⁄3)πr³, then density from ρ = m⁄V, in kg/m³ or g/cm³.
In service MI-03-447Spherical Capacitor Calculator
Enter the radii of two concentric conducting spheres and get the capacitance between them in picofarads or nanofarads, formula shown.
In service MI-03-448Spring Calculator
Enter a spring constant and displacement to get restoring force and stored elastic energy, from F = kx and PE = ½kx².
In service MI-03-449Spring Rate Calculator
Enter the force applied to a spring and the displacement it produces; get the spring rate k = F ⁄ x in newtons per metre.
In service MI-03-450Spring Rate Converter
Convert a spring's stiffness between N/mm, lbf/in, and N/m using the exact pound-force and inch definitions, not a rounded 175 shortcut.
In service MI-03-451Stefan Boltzmann Law Calculator
Enter emissivity, surface area, and temperature to find total radiated power P = εσAT⁴, converting Celsius to kelvin automatically.
In service MI-03-452Stiffness Matrix Calculator
Enter cross-sectional area, Young's modulus, and element length to find axial stiffness k = AE ⁄ L, the scalar behind a truss element's stiffness matrix.
In service MI-03-453Stokes' Law Calculator
Enter particle radius, particle and fluid density, and fluid viscosity to find the terminal settling velocity a sphere reaches under Stokes' Law.
In service MI-03-454Stopping Distance Calculator
Enter speed, tire-road friction, and reaction time to get braking distance, reaction distance, and the total stopping distance in metres or feet.
In service MI-03-455Stress Calculator
Divide an applied force by the cross-section carrying it and read normal stress in pascals, MPa or ksi, with the necking caveat spelled out.
In service MI-03-456Stress Concentration Factor Calculator
Divide the peak local stress at a hole, notch, or fillet by the nominal stress on the plain section to get Kt, the stress concentration factor.
In service MI-03-457Sun Angle Calculator
Enter latitude, solar declination, and hour angle from solar noon to find the sun's elevation above the horizon, in degrees.
In service MI-03-458Sunrise Calculator
Enter latitude and solar declination for a date; get the sunrise hour angle and sunrise time in solar hours from the spherical-trigonometry sunrise equation.
In service MI-03-459Sunrise Sunset Calculator
Enter latitude and solar declination to get sunrise, sunset, and day length from the spherical hour-angle formula astronomers use.
In service MI-03-460Sunset Calculator
Enter latitude and solar declination to compute the sunset hour angle and the solar-time clock reading when the sun crosses the horizon.
In service MI-03-461Surface Tension Calculator
Enter liquid density, rise height, and tube radius to compute surface tension in N/m using the capillary-rise, Jurin's-law formula.
In service MI-03-462SUVAT Calculator
Enter initial velocity, acceleration, and time to get final velocity and displacement from the two direct SUVAT equations.
In service MI-03-463Synodic Period Calculator
Enter two orbital periods to find the synodic period — how often two bodies return to the same alignment, the figure behind Mars launch windows.
In service MI-03-464Telescope Field of View Calculator
Enter telescope and eyepiece focal length plus an eyepiece's apparent field of view to get magnification and the true field of view in degrees.
In service MI-03-465Telescope Magnification Calculator
Telescope focal length and eyepiece focal length in, magnification out — the single ratio that sets how large the Moon or Jupiter appears.
In service MI-03-466Temperature at Altitude Calculator
Enter a sea-level temperature and altitude to find the temperature aloft, using the standard atmosphere's 6.5°C-per-kilometre lapse rate.
In service MI-03-467Tension Calculator
Hanging mass and system acceleration in, rope tension out. T = m(g + a) worked in newtons, kN, kgf or lbf with every substitution laid out.
In service MI-03-468Terminal Velocity Calculator
Mass, drag coefficient, air density and frontal area in; steady fall speed out in m/s, km/h or mph, with every substitution shown.
In service MI-03-469Thermal Conductivity Calculator
Back a material's k out of measured heat flow, thickness, area and temperature gap. Conduction arithmetic run in reverse, answered in W/m·K.
In service MI-03-470Thermal Diffusivity Calculator
Enter thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat to get thermal diffusivity in m²/s — how fast a temperature change moves through a solid.
In service MI-03-471Thermal Efficiency Calculator
Divide an engine's useful work output by the heat it consumed to get thermal efficiency as a percentage, worked example included.
In service MI-03-472Thermal Energy Calculator
Enter moles and temperature to get the internal thermal energy of an ideal monatomic gas, U = (3⁄2)nRT, in joules or kilojoules.
In service MI-03-473Thermal Equilibrium Calculator
Combine two masses at different temperatures and find the equilibrium temperature they settle to, from conservation of energy, with units shown.
In service MI-03-474Thermal Expansion Calculator
Enter starting length, your material's linear expansion coefficient and the temperature change; read how far that part grows or shrinks.
In service MI-03-475Thermal Resistance Calculator
Enter a layer's thickness and its thermal conductivity; read the R-value in m²·K/W, the number insulation is actually sold by.
In service MI-03-476Thermal Stress Calculator
Enter Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient and temperature change to find the stress a rigidly restrained part builds up.
In service MI-03-477Thin Lens Equation Calculator
Enter a lens's focal length and object distance to find where the image forms, using 1 ⁄ f = 1 ⁄ dₒ + 1 ⁄ dᵢ.
In service MI-03-478Thin-Film Optical Coating Calculator
Enter a film's refractive index, the light's vacuum wavelength, and the interference order to find the thickness needed for constructive interference.
In service MI-03-479Three Phase Calculator
Multiply line-to-line voltage, line current, and power factor by √3 to find the real power a balanced three-phase circuit delivers.
In service MI-03-480Thrust to Weight Ratio Calculator
Enter engine thrust in newtons and vehicle mass in kilograms to get the dimensionless thrust-to-weight ratio that decides whether a rocket can lift off.
In service MI-03-481Time Dilation Calculator
Enter a moving clock's proper time and its speed relative to you to find the dilated time a stationary observer measures.
In service MI-03-482Time of Flight Calculator – Projectile Motion
Enter launch speed and angle to find how long a projectile stays airborne before landing back at launch height, with the derivation shown.
In service MI-03-483TNT Equivalent Calculator
Enter an energy in joules and convert it to TNT equivalent — the mass of TNT, in kilograms or tonnes, that releases the same energy.
In service MI-03-484Ton to kW Converter
Convert a nameplate rating in refrigeration tons to kilowatts of cooling power with the fixed 3.5168525 kW-per-ton factor engineers rely on.
In service MI-03-485Torque Calculator
Twist about a pivot from force, lever arm and angle — τ = F·r·sin θ, with the moment arm and the sign convention explained.
In service MI-03-486Torsion Spring Calculator
Enter a torsion spring's rate and its twist angle to find the restoring torque and the elastic energy it has stored, T = kθ·θ.
In service MI-03-487Torsional Constant Calculator
Find the torsion constant J of a solid or hollow round shaft from its outer and inner diameters, with the full π(D⁴−D⁴)/32 derivation shown.
In service MI-03-488Torsional Stiffness Calculator
Enter a measured applied torque and the resulting twist angle to get torsional stiffness, k = T ⁄ θ, in newton-metres per radian.
In service MI-03-489Trajectory Calculator
Enter launch speed, launch angle, and horizontal distance to find a projectile's height at that exact point along its flight path.
In service MI-03-490Transformer Sizing Calculator
Enter real load power in kW and the load's power factor to find the apparent power, in kVA, a transformer must be rated to carry.
In service MI-03-491Transistor Biasing Calculator
Find the base voltage and emitter current of a voltage-divider biased BJT from Vcc, R1, R2, VBE and RE, with the arithmetic shown in full.
In service MI-03-492Transmission Calculator
Enter input speed, torque, gear ratio, and efficiency to find output RPM and torque for any gearbox or transmission stage.
In service MI-03-493True Airspeed Calculator
Convert calibrated airspeed to true airspeed from the air density ratio at altitude — the exact aviation formula, worked and explained.
In service MI-03-494True Strain Calculator
Enter original and final length; read true (logarithmic) strain ln(L ⁄ L₀) beside engineering strain, and see exactly how far apart they drift.
In service MI-03-495Twist Rate Calculator
Enter bullet diameter and length to find the rifle twist rate needed for gyroscopic stability, using Sir George Greenhill's 1879 rule of thumb.
In service MI-03-496UFO Travel Calculator
Enter a sighting's reported distance and time elapsed and get the implied speed — plain division, with the arithmetic shown.
In service MI-03-497Universe Expansion Calculator
Enter a distance in megaparsecs and the Hubble constant to get recession velocity in km/s — the speed cosmic expansion adds at that range.
In service MI-03-498Van der Waals Equation Calculator
Enter moles, volume, and temperature plus a gas's Van der Waals a and b constants to get pressure corrected for real molecular behavior.
In service MI-03-499Velocity Addition Calculator
Combine A's speed and B's speed-relative-to-A the way special relativity requires, so the combined speed never reaches or exceeds light speed.
In service MI-03-500Velocity Calculator
Three-way solver for v = d ⁄ t: average speed from distance and time, distance from pace, or how long a journey takes — units handled for you.
In service MI-03-501Vickers Hardness Number Calculator
Enter the test force and the mean diagonal of a diamond-pyramid indentation to get the Vickers hardness number, with the formula shown.
In service MI-03-502Virtual Temperature Calculator
Enter air temperature and water vapor mixing ratio to find virtual temperature, the dry-air reading that matches your moist sample's density.
In service MI-03-503Volt to Electron Volt Calculator
Enter an accelerating voltage and a charge state in multiples of e; read the kinetic energy in electron-volts, exact by definition.
In service MI-03-504Voltage Divider Calculator
Enter a supply voltage and two series resistors to find the voltage across the lower one, with the divider formula and current shown.
In service MI-03-505Voltage Drop Calculator
Current and total conductor resistance in; volts lost along a run and watts burned as heat out, with working shown.
In service MI-03-506Voltage Regulation Calculator
Enter no-load and full-load output voltage to find percent voltage regulation, the standard measure of a transformer or generator's voltage sag under load.
In service MI-03-507Volume to Density Calculator
Weigh a sample, find how much water it displaces, then divide to get density in kg/m³ — the two-step way to put a name to an unknown material.
In service MI-03-508Volume to Mass Calculator
Enter a material's density and a volume to get its mass in kilograms or grams — the formula a foundry uses to size a furnace charge before pouring.
In service MI-03-509Von Mises Stress Calculator
Combine two normal stresses and a shear stress into one von Mises equivalent stress, the standard yield check for ductile metal under multi-axis loading.
In service MI-03-510VSWR Calculator (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Calculator)
Enter the line and load impedance to get the reflection coefficient magnitude and VSWR, worked through a real 50 Ω into 75 Ω mismatch.
In service MI-03-511Warp Speed Calculator
Convert a Star Trek: The Next Generation warp factor into its multiple of light speed using the franchise's own w^(10/3) power-law scale.
In service MI-03-512Water Density Calculator
Enter a water temperature from 0-100°C and read back precise liquid-water density from the Kell equation, metrology's reference correlation.
In service MI-03-513Water Heating Calculator
Enter tank mass, temperature rise, and heater wattage to get exact heating time in minutes or hours, using the m·c·ΔT ⁄ P formula shown.
In service MI-03-514Water Pressure at Depth Calculator
Depth and fluid density in, absolute pressure out in pascals — the P_atm + ρgh figure a submerged sensor or logger actually reads.
In service MI-03-515Water Viscosity Calculator
Enter a water temperature between 0°C and 100°C and get dynamic viscosity in pascal-seconds from the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann engineering fit.
In service MI-03-516Watt Calculator
Enter shaft torque and rotational speed in RPM to get mechanical power in watts, kilowatts, or horsepower, with every step of the formula shown.
In service MI-03-517Watt Converter
Convert a motor's mechanical output power and efficiency into the electrical input power it actually draws from the supply, in watts, kilowatts, or horsepower.
In service MI-03-518Watt-hour Calculator
Multiply a device's power rating by its running time to get the energy used, in watt-hours or kilowatt-hours, with the working shown.
In service MI-03-519Wattage to Amperage Calculator
Enter wattage and voltage to get the amperage a device draws — the figure that actually decides breaker size, wire gauge, and whether a circuit trips.
In service MI-03-520Watts to Amps Calculator
Enter watts and volts, read amperes. Power divided by voltage, unit prefixes handled, plus where AC power factor breaks that arithmetic.
In service MI-03-521Watts to Heat Calculator
Multiply electrical power by run time to find total heat output in BTU or kWh — the same conversion HVAC techs use to size space heaters and baseboard elements.
In service MI-03-522Watts to Lux Calculator
Convert radiant power in watts to illuminance in lux using 683 lm/W, the SI's exact luminous efficacy constant for 555 nm light.
In service MI-03-523Wave Speed Calculator
Multiply frequency by wavelength and read how fast a wave travels. Hertz through gigahertz, millimetres through kilometres, answer in m/s.
In service MI-03-524Wave Velocity Calculator
Enter a wave's frequency and its measured wavelength to get velocity in m/s — the identity behind Kundt's tube and ripple-tank lab measurements.
In service MI-03-525Wavelength Calculator
Enter wave speed and frequency; read wavelength from millimetres to kilometres. Works for sound, light, and radio, with the substitution shown.
In service MI-03-526Wavelength to Energy Calculator
Enter a photon's wavelength to get its energy in joules, worked from E = hc ⁄ λ using the exact SI values of Planck's constant and light speed.
In service MI-03-527Wavelength to Frequency Calculator
Enter a wavelength measured in vacuum and read the frequency in hertz, megahertz, or gigahertz, computed from f = c ⁄ λ.
In service MI-03-528Wavenumber Calculator
Convert a light wavelength into its wavenumber in reciprocal centimetres (cm⁻¹), the unit spectroscopists read straight off an IR or Raman spectrum.
In service MI-03-529Weight on Other Planets Calculator
Enter a mass in kilograms, pick a world from Mercury to Neptune, and read the exact weight — mass never changes, only the local gravity does.
In service MI-03-530Wet Bulb Calculator
Enter dry-bulb air temperature and relative humidity to get wet-bulb temperature in °C, using Stull's 2011 curve fit — no iteration needed.
In service MI-03-531Wheatstone Bridge Calculator
Enter two known resistors and a balancing resistor to find an unknown resistance at bridge null, with the balance formula shown.
In service MI-03-532Wien's Law Calculator
Enter an absolute temperature in kelvin to find the peak wavelength of blackbody radiation, from stars and filaments to furnaces.
In service MI-03-533Wind Correction Angle Calculator
Enter wind speed, the wind angle relative to course, and true airspeed to get the exact heading offset a crosswind demands, in degrees.
In service MI-03-534Wind Load Calculator
Wind speed, air density, drag coefficient and exposed area in; dynamic pressure in pascals and total force in newtons out, working shown.
In service MI-03-535Wing Loading Calculator
Divide aircraft weight by wing area to find wing loading in pascals or kilopascals — the ratio that governs stall speed and turn performance.
In service MI-03-536Wire Gauge Calculator
Enter an American Wire Gauge (AWG) size and read the wire's diameter in inches or millimeters, from the standard AWG geometric formula.
In service MI-03-537Wire Resistance Calculator
Resistivity, conductor length and cross-sectional area in; the resistance of that run out, in ohms, with the substitution shown.
In service MI-03-538Wire Size Calculator
Enter run length, load current, a material's resistivity, and an allowable voltage drop to get the minimum conductor area in mm² for any conductor metal.
In service MI-03-539Work and Power Calculator
Enter applied force, distance moved, and time taken to get work in joules and power in watts, with two formulas worked step by step.
In service MI-03-540Work Calculator
Force, distance, and angle between them in — joules out. Handles sideways pushes, zero-work cases, and negative work from braking.
In service MI-03-541Y+ Calculator
Enter first-cell wall distance, wall shear stress, fluid density, and kinematic viscosity to get y+, the dimensionless number that grades a CFD mesh.
In service MI-03-542Young's Modulus Calculator
Force, area, extension and gauge length in — Young's modulus and strain out, in Pa, MPa, psi or ksi, with the working shown.
In service